Conection Pooling?
JDBC connection pooling is a great concept, which improves the performance of database driven applications by reusing connections. The benefit from connection pools is that the cost of creating and closing connections is avoided, by reusing connections from a pool of available connections. Database systems such as MySQL also assign database resources by limiting simultaneous connections. This is another reason, why connection pools have benefits in contrast to opening and closing individual connections.
Dipping into Pools
There exists a selection of different JDBC compatible connection pools which can be used more or less interchangeable. The most widely used pools are:
Most of these pools work in a very similar way. In the following tutorial, we are going to take out HikariCP for a spin. It is simple to use and claims to be very fast. In the following we are going to setup a small project using the following technologies:
- Java 8
- Tomcat 8
- MySQL 5.7
- Maven 3
- Hibernate 5
and of course an IDE of your choice (I have become quite fond of IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition).
Project Overview
In this small demo project, we are going to write a minimalistic Web application, which simply computes a new random number for each request and stores the result in a database table. We use Java and store the data by using the Hibernate ORM framework.We also assume, that you have a running Apache Tomcat Servlet Container and also a running MySQL instance available.
In the first step, I created a basic Web project by selecting the Maven Webapp archetype, which then creates a basic structure we can work with.
Adding the Required Libraries
After we created the initial project, we need to add the required libraries. We can achieve this easily with Maven, by adding the dependency definitions to our pom.xml file. You can find these definitions at maven central. The build block contains the plugin for deploying the application at the Tomcat server.
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>at.stefanproell</groupId>
<artifactId>HibernateHikari</artifactId>
<packaging>war</packaging>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>HibernateHikari Maven Webapp</name>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>3.8.1</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.tomcat</groupId>
<artifactId>tomcat-servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>7.0.50</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
<version>5.1.39</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-core</artifactId>
<version>5.2.0.Final</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.zaxxer</groupId>
<artifactId>HikariCP</artifactId>
<version>2.4.6</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<finalName>HibernateHikari</finalName>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.tomcat.maven</groupId>
<artifactId>tomcat7-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.0</version>
<configuration>
<path>/testapp</path>
<update>true</update>
<url>http://localhost:8080/manager/text</url>
<username>admin</username>
<password>admin</password>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-war-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.4</version>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
Now we have all the libraries we need available and we can begin with implementing the functionality.
The Database Table
As we want to persist random numbers, we need to have a database table, which will store the data. Create the following table in MySQL and ensure that you have a test user available:
CREATE TABLE `TestDB`.`RandomNumberTable` (
`id` INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`randomNumber` INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`));```
## POJO Mojo: The Java Class to be Persisted
Hibernate allows us to persist Java objects in the database, by annotating the Java source code. The following Java class is used to store the random numbers that we generate.
@Entity
@Table(name="RandomNumberTable”,
uniqueConstraints={@UniqueConstraint(columnNames={“id”})})
public class RandomNumberPOJO {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy= GenerationType.IDENTITY)
@Column(name="id”, nullable=false, unique=true, length=11)
private int id;
@Column(name="randomNumber", nullable=false)
private int randomNumber;
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public int getRandomNumber() {
return randomNumber;
}
public void setRandomNumber(int randomNumber) {
this.randomNumber = randomNumber;
}
}
The code and also the annotations are straight forward. Now we need to define a way how we can connect to the database and let Hibernate handle the mapping between the Java class and the database schema we defined before.
## Hibernate Configuration
Hibernate looks for the configuration in a file called hibernate.cfg.xml by default. This file is used to provide the connection details for the database.
<property name="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.provider_class">com.zaxxer.hikari.hibernate.HikariConnectionProvider</property>
<property name="hibernate.hikari.dataSource.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/TestDB?useSSL=false</property>
<property name="hibernate.hikari.dataSource.user">testuser</property>
<property name="hibernate.hikari.dataSource.password">sEcRet</property>
<property name="hibernate.hikari.dataSourceClassName">com.mysql.jdbc.jdbc2.optional.MysqlDataSource</property>
<property name="hibernate.hikari.dataSource.cachePrepStmts">true</property>
<property name="hibernate.hikari.dataSource.prepStmtCacheSize">250</property>
<property name="hibernate.hikari.dataSource.prepStmtCacheSqlLimit">2048</property>
<property name="hibernate.hikari.dataSource.useServerPrepStmts">true</property>
<property name="hibernate.current_session_context_class">thread</property>
</session-factory>
The file above contains the most essential settings. We specify the database dialect that we speak `org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect`, define the connection provider class (the Hikari CP) with `com.zaxxer.hikari.hibernate.HikariConnectionProvider` and provide the URL to our MySQL database (`jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/TestDB?useSSL=false`) including the username and password for the database connection. Alternatively, you can also define the same information in the hibernate.properties file.
## The Session Factory
We need to have a session factory, which initializes the database connection and the connection pool as well as handles the interaction with the database server. We can use the following class, which provides the session object for these tasks.
import javax.servlet.ServletContextEvent;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextListener;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebListener;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.boot.registry.StandardServiceRegistryBuilder;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
import org.hibernate.service.ServiceRegistry;
import org.jboss.logging.Logger;
@WebListener
public class HibernateSessionFactoryListener implements ServletContextListener {
public final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(HibernateSessionFactoryListener.class);
public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent servletContextEvent) {
SessionFactory sessionFactory = (SessionFactory) servletContextEvent.getServletContext().getAttribute("SessionFactory");
if(sessionFactory != null && !sessionFactory.isClosed()){
logger.info("Closing sessionFactory");
sessionFactory.close();
}
logger.info("Released Hibernate sessionFactory resource");
}
public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent servletContextEvent) {
Configuration configuration = new Configuration();
configuration.configure("hibernate.cfg.xml");
// Add annotated class
configuration.addAnnotatedClass(RandomNumberPOJO.class);
ServiceRegistry serviceRegistry = new StandardServiceRegistryBuilder().applySettings(configuration.getProperties()).build();
logger.info("ServiceRegistry created successfully");
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration
.buildSessionFactory(serviceRegistry);
logger.info("SessionFactory created successfully");
servletContextEvent.getServletContext().setAttribute("SessionFactory", sessionFactory);
logger.info("Hibernate SessionFactory Configured successfully");
}
}
This class provides two so called contexts, where the session gets initialized and a second one where it gets destroyed. The Tomcat Servlet container automatically calls these depending on the state of the session. You can see that the filename of the configuration file is provided (<span class="lang:default decode:true crayon-inline">configuration.configure(“hibernate.cfg.xml”);`) and that we tell Hibernate, to map our RandomNumberPOJO file (`configuration.addAnnotatedClass(RandomNumberPOJO.class);`). Now all that is missing is the Web component, which is waiting for our requests.
## The Web Component
The last part is the Web component, which we kept as simple as possible.
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import javax.persistence.TypedQuery;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet (HttpServletRequest req,
HttpServletResponse res)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();
addRandomNumber(req);
out.println(“There are " + countNumbers(req) + " random numbers”);
List<RandomNumberPOJO> numbers = getAllRandomNumbers(req,res);
out.println("Random Numbers:");
out.println("----------");
for(RandomNumberPOJO record:numbers){
out.println("ID: " + record.getId() + "\t :\t" + record.getRandomNumber());
}
out.close();
}
/**
* Create a new random number and store it the database
* @param request
*/
private void addRandomNumber(HttpServletRequest request){
SessionFactory sessionFactory = (SessionFactory) request.getServletContext().getAttribute("SessionFactory");
Session session = sessionFactory.getCurrentSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
RandomNumberPOJO randomNumber = new RandomNumberPOJO();
Random rand = new Random();
int randomInteger = 1 + rand.nextInt((999) + 1);
randomNumber.setRandomNumber(randomInteger);
session.save(randomNumber);
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
/**
* Get a list of all RandomNumberPOJO objects
* @param request
* @param response
* @return
*/
private List<RandomNumberPOJO> getAllRandomNumbers(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response){
SessionFactory sessionFactory = (SessionFactory) request.getServletContext().getAttribute("SessionFactory");
Session session = sessionFactory.getCurrentSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
TypedQuery<RandomNumberPOJO> query = session.createQuery(
"from RandomNumberPOJO", RandomNumberPOJO.class);
List<RandomNumberPOJO> numbers =query.getResultList();
tx.commit();
session.close();
return numbers;
}
/**
* Count records
* @param request
* @return
*/
private int countNumbers(HttpServletRequest request){
SessionFactory sessionFactory = (SessionFactory) request.getServletContext().getAttribute("SessionFactory");
Session session = sessionFactory.getCurrentSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
String count = session.createQuery("SELECT COUNT(id) FROM RandomNumberPOJO").uniqueResult().toString();
int rowCount = Integer.parseInt(count);
tx.commit();
session.close();
return rowCount;
}
}
This class provides the actual servlet and is executed whenever a user calls the web application. First, a new RandumNumberPOJO object is instantiated and persisted. We then count how many numbers we already have and then we fetch a list of all existing records.
The last step before we can actually run the application is the definition of the web entry points, which we can define in the file called web.xml. This file is already generated by the maven achetype and we only need to add a name for our small web service and provide a mapping for the entry class.
HikariCP Test App
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
```
Compile and Run
We can then compile and deploy the application with the following command:
mvn clean install org.apache.tomcat.maven:tomcat7-maven-plugin:2.0:deploy -e
This will compile and upload the application to the Tomcat server and we can then use our browser, open the URL http://localhost:8080/testapp/hello to create and persist random numbers by refreshing the page. The result will look similar like this:
